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Software installed and running inside a Guest VM may conduct improper GPU system calls to prevent other Guests from running work on the GPU.

Software installed and running inside a Guest VM may override Firmware's state and gain access to the GPU.

Possible kernel exceptions caused by reading and writing kernel heap data after free.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to subvert GPU HW to write to arbitrary physical memory pages.

Kernel software installed and running inside a Guest VM may exploit memory shared with the GPU Firmware to write data outside the Guest's virtualised GPU memory.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to achieve unauthorised reads and writes of physical memory from the GPU HW.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to allow unprivileged access to arbitrary physical memory page.

Software installed and run as a non-privileged user may conduct improper GPU system calls to gain access to the graphics buffers of a parent process.

A GPU kernel can read sensitive data from another GPU kernel (even from another user or app) through an optimized GPU memory region called _local memory_ on various architectures.