9.3

CVE-2010-1789

Heap-based buffer overflow in WebKit in Apple Safari before 5.0.1 on Mac OS X 10.5 through 10.6 and Windows, and before 4.1.1 on Mac OS X 10.4, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary code or cause a denial of service (application crash) via a JavaScript string object.

Data is provided by the National Vulnerability Database (NVD)
AppleSafari Version <= 5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleSafari Version4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleSafari Version4.0.0b
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleSafari Version4.0.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleSafari Version4.0.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleSafari Version4.0.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleSafari Version4.0.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleSafari Version4.0.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleWebKit
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.6.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.5.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.6.4
   MicrosoftWindows 7
   MicrosoftWindows Vista
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp2
   MicrosoftWindows Xp Updatesp3
AppleSafari Version <= 4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
AppleSafari Version4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
AppleSafari Version4.0.0b
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
AppleSafari Version4.0.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
AppleSafari Version4.0.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
AppleSafari Version4.0.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
AppleSafari Version4.0.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
AppleSafari Version4.0.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
AppleWebKit
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Version10.4.11
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.0
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.1
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.2
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.3
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.4
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.5
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.6
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.7
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.8
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.9
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.10
   ApplemacOS X Server Version10.4.11
Zu dieser CVE wurde keine CISA KEV oder CERT.AT-Warnung gefunden.
EPSS Metriken
Type Source Score Percentile
EPSS FIRST.org 18.38% 0.95
CVSS Metriken
Source Base Score Exploit Score Impact Score Vector string
nvd@nist.gov 9.3 8.6 10
AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C
CWE-119 Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer

The product performs operations on a memory buffer, but it reads from or writes to a memory location outside the buffer's intended boundary. This may result in read or write operations on unexpected memory locations that could be linked to other variables, data structures, or internal program data.